A. Core Competence SMA kelas X:
Living and practice the teachings of their religion
Develop behavior (honest, discipline, responsibility, caring, polite, friendly environment, mutual aid, cooperation, peace-loving, responsive and proactive) and displayed as part of the solutions to the nation's problems in interacting effectively with the social environment and nature and the place itself as a reflection of the nation in the association's.
Understand, apply, analyze factual knowledge, conceptual, procedural, based on curiosity about science, technology, art, culture, and humanities with human insight, national, state, and civilization-related phenomena and events, as well as applying procedural knowledge in the field specific studies according to their talents and interests to solve the problem.
Rework, reasoning, provide, and create in the realm of concrete and abstract domains associated with the development of the learned in school independently, and is able to use the method according to the rules of science.
B. Basic Competence
1.1. Admire the regularity and complexity of God's creation of biodiversity, ecosystems and the environment.
1.2. Recognizing and admired scientific thinking in the ability to observe the bioprocess.
1.3. Sensitive and concerned about environmental issues, maintain and care for the environment as a manifestation of the practice of the teachings of their religion.
2.1. Scientific behave: conscientious, diligent, honest according to the data and facts,
discipline, responsibility, and care in observation and experimentation, bold and polite in asking questions and arguing, caring environment, mutual aid, cooperation, peace-loving, argue scientifically and critical, responsive and proactive in every action and in making observations and experiments in the classroom /laboratory and outside the classroom / laboratory.
2.2. Concerned for the safety of themselves and the environment by applying the
principles of safety when conducting observations and experiments in the laboratory and in the surrounding environment.
3.6. Applying the principle of classification to classify fungi based on the characteristics
and reproductive way through a thorough and systematic observation.
4.6. Presenting the observed data characteristics and the role of fungi in life and the
environment in the form of a written report
C. Tujuan Pembelajaran
1.1.1 After cooperative learning in this subject, student make friend by does not differentiate the body characteristic, ethnic, religion and race as the manifestation to admire the God’s creature (spiritual)
1.1.2 After cooperative learning in this subject, student love the environment as the manifestation of admiring the God’s creature (spiritual)
1.1.3 When do discussion, student able to work in team (attitude)
1.1.4 When asking and answer process, student can active to ask and be brave to communicate in learning process (attitude)
1.1.5 After asking and answer process, student able to mention the morphological character of fungus correctly (knowledge)
1.1.6 After looking the picture and asking and answer process, student can explain the classification of fungus (knowledge)
1.1.7 After doing observation in picture, Student can identify the fungus in the environment (skill)
1.1.8 After discussion the type of fungus, student can differentiate the type of fungus one to other.(skill)
1.1.9 After observing the fungus picture, student can draw the body structure of fungus. (skill)
D. Indicator
1.1.1.1 Student makes friend with all people in the classroom and her/his
environment(spiritual)
1.1.1.2 Student throw the trash to the trash container(spiritual)
1.1.1.3 Student work in team well(attitude)
1.1.1.4 Student active asking in the teaching and learning process(attitude)
1.1.1.5 Student mention the characteristic of fungus at least 5 correctly(knowledge)
1.1.1.6 Student explain the type of fungus include chitridiomycota, zygomycota,
ascomycota, basidiomycota, deutromycota fluently(knowledge)
1.1.1.7 Student can identify the fungus that he found in his/her environment(skill)
1.1.1.8 Student differentiate the fungus based on it’s type when observing the
fungus(skill)
1.1.1.9 Student drawing the body structure of fungus after observation in environment
(skill)
E. Studying Matter
· What are the fungi?
Fungi are a type of eukaryotic organism, unicellular or multicellular organism witha cell nucleus. They make up the fungi kingdom, one of the main kingdoms of life. These organisms are easy to identify if we understand their morphological structure.
· The Characteristic of Fungus
The characteristic of fungus are:
1. Fungi are spore-making eukaryotic heterotrophs
2. They have cell walls reinforced with chitin, a polymer that consists of subunits of a nitrogen-containing sugar and carbohydrate (it can be both or just one). Chitin present in insect and arthropoda.
3. Fungi make digestive enzymes, but fungi do not digest food inside their body. Instead, they secrete digestive enzymes onto organic matter and absorb the released breakdown products.
4. A typical fungus is a free-living saprobe, an organism that feeds on organic wastes and remains.
5. Some fungi live inside other organisms. The fungus may benefit its host, have no effect, or be a harmful parasite.
6. The fungi can live as single cells which are informally called yeasts. The more often of fungus is multicellular like molds and mushrooms.
7. Fungi grow as a mesh of threadlike filaments collectively called a mycelium (plural, mycelia).Each filament is one hypha (plural, hyphae), consisting of cells attached end to end. The fungus grows by adding cells to the tip of its hyphae.
8. Depending on the fungal group, there may or may not be cross-walls, or septa (singular, septum), between cells of a hypha. When cross-walls do exist, they are porous, so materials can still flow among hyphal cells. Thus nutrients or water taken up in one part of the mycelium can be shared with cells in other regions of the fungal body.
9. Present life cycle. The diploid stage is the least conspicuous part of the life cycle. Only the zygote is diploid.
10. Most fungi disperse by producing spores. A fungal spore is a cell or cluster of cells, often with a thick wall that allows it to survive harsh conditions. Spores may form by mitosis (asexual spores) or by meiosis (sexual spores).
· Fungi classification
Based on the spore case in which the spores are produced fungi are classified into five divisions.
1. The Chytridiomycetes (chytrids)
The oldest fungal lineage,the chytrids, are a mostly aquatic group and the only fungi with flagellated spores. Their spores bear a single, posterior flagellum. Sexual reproduction has not been identified in most chytrids. Species that do reproduce sexually have flagellate gametes.
Chytrids are small, relatively simple fungi that inhabit ponds and damp soil. A few species have been found in salt water. Most chytrids are decomposers that degrade organic matter. However, a few species cause disease in plants and animals. A parasitic chytrid has been partly responsible for declining amphibian populations. Most chytrids are unicellular or composed of a few cells that form a simple body, called a thallus. The term thallus describes the simple body plan of certain algae, fungi, and plants. The thallus may have slender extensions, called rhizoids, that anchor it to a food source and absorb food.
Some chytrids produce branched, coenocytic mycelia. Allomyces,a large, common chytrid, has an unusual life cycle compared to that of most fungi. It undergoes an alternation of generations (common in plants, but rare in fungi), spending part of its life as a multicellular haploid (n) thallus and part as a multicellular diploid (2n) thallus.
2. Zygomycetes
Zygote fungi include many familiar molds that grow on fruits, breads, and other foods. Most zygomycetes are decomposers that live in the soil on decaying plant or animal matter. Some zygomycetes form type of symbiotic association (mycorrhizal relationship) with plant roots. (Recall that a symbiotic association is an intimate relationship between organisms of diff erent species.) A few species cause disease in plants and animals, including humans.
During sexual reproduction, zygomycetes produce sexual spores, called zygospores. The zygospores are typically produced in spore sacs called zygosporangia. The hyphae in zygomycetes are coenocytic; that is, they lack regularly spaced septa. However, septa do form to separate the hyphae from reproductive structures. Perhaps the most familiar zygomycete is the black bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer, a decomposer that breaks down bread and other foods.
3. Ascomycetes
Sac fungi(Ascomycetes) are the most diverse group. They include single-celled yeasts and multicelled species such as cup fungi and morels.. Hyphae of multicelled sac fungi have cross-walls at regular intervals. The characteristic trait of the group is the ascus (plural, asci), a baglike structure that encloses sexually produced spores. In most ascomycetes, asexual reproduction involves production of spores called conidia, which form at the tips of certain specialized hyphae known as conidiophores
Yeasts that are sac fungi help us make wine, breads, and alcoholic beverages. The antibiotic penicillin was originally isolated from a mold that is a sac fungus. Related molds are used to flavor cheeses. As in zygote fungi, sexual reproduction of multicelled sac fungi begins when hyphae of different mating strains meet. However, in sac fungi, cytoplasmic fusion is followed by mitosis that produces dikaryotic hyphae. These hyphae intertwine with haploid hyphae to form a fruiting body called an ascocarp. The spore-forming asci develop on the ascocarp. Multicelled sac fungi also produce spores asexually. In this case, spores form on specialized hyphae that develop from the haploid mycelium.
Living and practice the teachings of their religion
Develop behavior (honest, discipline, responsibility, caring, polite, friendly environment, mutual aid, cooperation, peace-loving, responsive and proactive) and displayed as part of the solutions to the nation's problems in interacting effectively with the social environment and nature and the place itself as a reflection of the nation in the association's.
Understand, apply, analyze factual knowledge, conceptual, procedural, based on curiosity about science, technology, art, culture, and humanities with human insight, national, state, and civilization-related phenomena and events, as well as applying procedural knowledge in the field specific studies according to their talents and interests to solve the problem.
Rework, reasoning, provide, and create in the realm of concrete and abstract domains associated with the development of the learned in school independently, and is able to use the method according to the rules of science.
B. Basic Competence
1.1. Admire the regularity and complexity of God's creation of biodiversity, ecosystems and the environment.
1.2. Recognizing and admired scientific thinking in the ability to observe the bioprocess.
1.3. Sensitive and concerned about environmental issues, maintain and care for the environment as a manifestation of the practice of the teachings of their religion.
2.1. Scientific behave: conscientious, diligent, honest according to the data and facts,
discipline, responsibility, and care in observation and experimentation, bold and polite in asking questions and arguing, caring environment, mutual aid, cooperation, peace-loving, argue scientifically and critical, responsive and proactive in every action and in making observations and experiments in the classroom /laboratory and outside the classroom / laboratory.
2.2. Concerned for the safety of themselves and the environment by applying the
principles of safety when conducting observations and experiments in the laboratory and in the surrounding environment.
3.6. Applying the principle of classification to classify fungi based on the characteristics
and reproductive way through a thorough and systematic observation.
4.6. Presenting the observed data characteristics and the role of fungi in life and the
environment in the form of a written report
C. Tujuan Pembelajaran
1.1.1 After cooperative learning in this subject, student make friend by does not differentiate the body characteristic, ethnic, religion and race as the manifestation to admire the God’s creature (spiritual)
1.1.2 After cooperative learning in this subject, student love the environment as the manifestation of admiring the God’s creature (spiritual)
1.1.3 When do discussion, student able to work in team (attitude)
1.1.4 When asking and answer process, student can active to ask and be brave to communicate in learning process (attitude)
1.1.5 After asking and answer process, student able to mention the morphological character of fungus correctly (knowledge)
1.1.6 After looking the picture and asking and answer process, student can explain the classification of fungus (knowledge)
1.1.7 After doing observation in picture, Student can identify the fungus in the environment (skill)
1.1.8 After discussion the type of fungus, student can differentiate the type of fungus one to other.(skill)
1.1.9 After observing the fungus picture, student can draw the body structure of fungus. (skill)
D. Indicator
1.1.1.1 Student makes friend with all people in the classroom and her/his
environment(spiritual)
1.1.1.2 Student throw the trash to the trash container(spiritual)
1.1.1.3 Student work in team well(attitude)
1.1.1.4 Student active asking in the teaching and learning process(attitude)
1.1.1.5 Student mention the characteristic of fungus at least 5 correctly(knowledge)
1.1.1.6 Student explain the type of fungus include chitridiomycota, zygomycota,
ascomycota, basidiomycota, deutromycota fluently(knowledge)
1.1.1.7 Student can identify the fungus that he found in his/her environment(skill)
1.1.1.8 Student differentiate the fungus based on it’s type when observing the
fungus(skill)
1.1.1.9 Student drawing the body structure of fungus after observation in environment
(skill)
E. Studying Matter
· What are the fungi?
Fungi are a type of eukaryotic organism, unicellular or multicellular organism witha cell nucleus. They make up the fungi kingdom, one of the main kingdoms of life. These organisms are easy to identify if we understand their morphological structure.
· The Characteristic of Fungus
The characteristic of fungus are:
1. Fungi are spore-making eukaryotic heterotrophs
2. They have cell walls reinforced with chitin, a polymer that consists of subunits of a nitrogen-containing sugar and carbohydrate (it can be both or just one). Chitin present in insect and arthropoda.
3. Fungi make digestive enzymes, but fungi do not digest food inside their body. Instead, they secrete digestive enzymes onto organic matter and absorb the released breakdown products.
4. A typical fungus is a free-living saprobe, an organism that feeds on organic wastes and remains.
5. Some fungi live inside other organisms. The fungus may benefit its host, have no effect, or be a harmful parasite.
6. The fungi can live as single cells which are informally called yeasts. The more often of fungus is multicellular like molds and mushrooms.
7. Fungi grow as a mesh of threadlike filaments collectively called a mycelium (plural, mycelia).Each filament is one hypha (plural, hyphae), consisting of cells attached end to end. The fungus grows by adding cells to the tip of its hyphae.
8. Depending on the fungal group, there may or may not be cross-walls, or septa (singular, septum), between cells of a hypha. When cross-walls do exist, they are porous, so materials can still flow among hyphal cells. Thus nutrients or water taken up in one part of the mycelium can be shared with cells in other regions of the fungal body.
9. Present life cycle. The diploid stage is the least conspicuous part of the life cycle. Only the zygote is diploid.
10. Most fungi disperse by producing spores. A fungal spore is a cell or cluster of cells, often with a thick wall that allows it to survive harsh conditions. Spores may form by mitosis (asexual spores) or by meiosis (sexual spores).
· Fungi classification
Based on the spore case in which the spores are produced fungi are classified into five divisions.
1. The Chytridiomycetes (chytrids)
The oldest fungal lineage,the chytrids, are a mostly aquatic group and the only fungi with flagellated spores. Their spores bear a single, posterior flagellum. Sexual reproduction has not been identified in most chytrids. Species that do reproduce sexually have flagellate gametes.
Chytrids are small, relatively simple fungi that inhabit ponds and damp soil. A few species have been found in salt water. Most chytrids are decomposers that degrade organic matter. However, a few species cause disease in plants and animals. A parasitic chytrid has been partly responsible for declining amphibian populations. Most chytrids are unicellular or composed of a few cells that form a simple body, called a thallus. The term thallus describes the simple body plan of certain algae, fungi, and plants. The thallus may have slender extensions, called rhizoids, that anchor it to a food source and absorb food.
Some chytrids produce branched, coenocytic mycelia. Allomyces,a large, common chytrid, has an unusual life cycle compared to that of most fungi. It undergoes an alternation of generations (common in plants, but rare in fungi), spending part of its life as a multicellular haploid (n) thallus and part as a multicellular diploid (2n) thallus.
2. Zygomycetes
Zygote fungi include many familiar molds that grow on fruits, breads, and other foods. Most zygomycetes are decomposers that live in the soil on decaying plant or animal matter. Some zygomycetes form type of symbiotic association (mycorrhizal relationship) with plant roots. (Recall that a symbiotic association is an intimate relationship between organisms of diff erent species.) A few species cause disease in plants and animals, including humans.
During sexual reproduction, zygomycetes produce sexual spores, called zygospores. The zygospores are typically produced in spore sacs called zygosporangia. The hyphae in zygomycetes are coenocytic; that is, they lack regularly spaced septa. However, septa do form to separate the hyphae from reproductive structures. Perhaps the most familiar zygomycete is the black bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer, a decomposer that breaks down bread and other foods.
3. Ascomycetes
Sac fungi(Ascomycetes) are the most diverse group. They include single-celled yeasts and multicelled species such as cup fungi and morels.. Hyphae of multicelled sac fungi have cross-walls at regular intervals. The characteristic trait of the group is the ascus (plural, asci), a baglike structure that encloses sexually produced spores. In most ascomycetes, asexual reproduction involves production of spores called conidia, which form at the tips of certain specialized hyphae known as conidiophores
Yeasts that are sac fungi help us make wine, breads, and alcoholic beverages. The antibiotic penicillin was originally isolated from a mold that is a sac fungus. Related molds are used to flavor cheeses. As in zygote fungi, sexual reproduction of multicelled sac fungi begins when hyphae of different mating strains meet. However, in sac fungi, cytoplasmic fusion is followed by mitosis that produces dikaryotic hyphae. These hyphae intertwine with haploid hyphae to form a fruiting body called an ascocarp. The spore-forming asci develop on the ascocarp. Multicelled sac fungi also produce spores asexually. In this case, spores form on specialized hyphae that develop from the haploid mycelium.
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